equation

It is very important to specify boundary conditions at material interfaces and physical boundaries in order to get a full description of an electromagnetic problem. However the boundary conditions between two media is difficult to memorize. Here we present a way to memorize them. The maxwell’s equations are \(\nabla \times H=J+\partial_t D\) \(\nabla \times E=-\partial_t … Read more

We always learn the trigonometric functions from the geometry and use them to solve geometry problem. It it quite difficult to memorize some trigonometric identities. We re-define the sine and cosine function from the view of the solution of the ordinary differential equations in this article. It is similar with the Bessel functions. The Helmholtz … Read more

The dot product of the two vectors in cartesian coordinates is defined as: Multiply corresponding components and the add the results. Thus \( \vec a \cdot \vec b=a_1b_1+a_2b_2+a_3b_3\) If there are two vectors in cylindrical coordinates, \(\vec{A} = A_r \hat{r} + A_\theta \hat{\theta} + A_z \hat{z}\) \(\vec{B} = B_r \hat{r} + B_\theta \hat{\theta} + B_z … Read more

We have to use the cylindrical coordinates when the problem is cylindrical symmetry. For example, the eigenmode in a circular waveguide. Althrough there is a general theory for the differential operators in general curvilinear coordinates, it it very difficult to be understanded. There is also the formular for the differential operators in cylindrical coordinates. However … Read more

Maxwell’s equation in vacuum Name Integral equations Differential equations Gauss’s law   Gauss’s law for magnetism Maxwell–Faraday equation(Faraday’s law of induction) Ampère’s circuital law (with Maxwell’s addition) Next, We obtain the electromagnetic wave equation in a vacuum. It is also called Helmholtz equation. Take the Curl of the Faraday equation \(\nabla \times \left(\nabla \times \mathbf {E} \right)=\nabla \times … Read more